Impact dynamometer for martial arts and sports training

ABSTRACT

This device assists individuals training in the fighting arts, or athletes performing impacts or tackles in sports. It makes detailed measurements of the energy and force sustained by a target from an impact performed by a test subject and immediately displays feedback information showing the power and effectiveness of the impact performed. The device comprises: an impact target designed to provide a predetermined amount of resistance to the force of an impact, while allowing unrestricted linear displacement in the opposite direction of the force; a sensor means for detecting the velocity of target displacement at predetermined sampling intervals; an electronic interface to measure and store data received from the sensor means; application software residing in a computer processor, which receives stored data from the electronic interface, and interprets the data and; a computer to process software application instructions.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/309,110, filed Jul. 31, 2001, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety for all purposes.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0002] This device assists individuals training in fighting arts for sports, defense, or combat applications, such as law enforcement, martial arts, athletes required to perform strikes, or impacts in sports, such as football. It provides detailed information on a plurality of characteristics of the energy and force applied to a target during an impact performed by the test subject, e.g. punch, kick, or tackle (hereafter referred to as a “strike”.) This process improves and accelerates the training of the test subject by providing immediate accurate, detailed feedback linking the effectiveness of their performance to the execution technique used.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0003] “Power,” as defined for the objectives of martial and sport impacts, is the ability to produce a displacement, deformation, or rupture in specific areas of a human target. The objective of instruction and training in this field is to enable an individual to reliably and efficiently perform strikes that produce the desired results. Traditionally, instructors have done this by observing the execution of a strike performed by an individual and by observing the effects of the impact on the target. This method naturally precludes visual observation of that portion of the strike when the impact is actually applying force against the target (referred to as the “impact pulse”). This is because the critical exchanges of force typically are completed in much less than 50 milliseconds, which is the smallest event time that the human eye is capable of registering.

[0004] Recent scientific analyses have used high-speed photography to measure the velocities of the fist or foot (referred to as the “impactor”) prior to contact, and the displacement of the target during the impact pulse. Force is calculated using a best-guess estimate of the amount of mass being displaced, and/or deformation taking place. This method is costly and time-consuming and still only yields approximations of force. Hence, there is a need for more cost-effective and accurate methods of analyzing the force exchanged.

[0005] To this end, a number of known devices or methods claim to test and measure the power generated by martial or athletic impacts. All contain significant problems that impair the collection of detailed, accurate data about the performance of the subject tested. These deficiencies are more easily explained by reviewing the elements that influence and produce the desired force and effects in this specific type of impact.

[0006] Displacement, deformation, and/or rupture (referred to as “damage”) are caused by the application of force against the body. When an individual makes a direct-contact strike against another individual, the force that causes damage is supplied by two different types of energy: Kinetic Energy and Biomechanical Energy.

[0007] Kinetic energy is generated by the movement of the impactor prior to contact with the target (referred to as the “execution phase” of the strike.) This type of energy is a product of mass and velocity, and is present in any moving object. Upon impact with another object, kinetic energy is irreversibly converted into force by the target's resistance to being displaced or deformed. The conversion ends when the target no longer exerts a resistance against the force.

[0008] The peak amount of kinetic energy in the impactor occurs at the point of highest velocity, which can be at any point during the execution phase. However, this peak may not necessarily be applied to the target. The amount of force that can be produced by kinetic energy is limited to the velocity and mass of the impactor at the instant contact is made. This means that the damage potential from kinetic energy is also limited to the velocity and mass of the impacting object upon contact.

[0009] Biomechanical energy is derived from the conversion of stored chemical energy in the muscles to produce movement. It is not produced by motion or mass, so it is not affected by impact velocity or target resistance. Biomechanical energy is converted into kinetic energy during the execution phase of the strike. However, unlike kinetic energy, its damage potential is not limited to pre-impact velocity and mass. It continues to generate and apply force throughout the impact pulse at whatever rate the muscles can supply it.

[0010] Upon impact, these two energy sources simultaneously contribute to the force that causes damage. The total amount and ratio in which they contribute will vary considerably, depending on a multitude of elements and influences.

[0011] One element of particular importance is the duration of the applied force. As stated above, damage to a human target results from application of force, but the amount of damage is not dependent solely on the peak amount of force applied. Damage is relative to both the quantity of force applied, and the length of time that application of the force is sustained.

[0012] While susceptibility to damage varies according to circumstances and individuals, research indicates that damage can potentially occur from a force as low as 8 G, even if sustained for less than one second. The world's record for voluntarily surviving an applied force is 45 G's (gravities) for 100 milliseconds. Research also indicates that this record approaches the limits of human endurance. Sustaining a greater amount of force for the same length of time, or sustaining same amount of force for a longer amount of time, will probably have fatal results on most individuals. This is consistent with the fact that individuals have been recorded to survive accidental exposures to far greater forces during crashes, because the exposure time was also much shorter than 100 milliseconds.

[0013] The implication for martial and sport impacts is that training to achieve a peak amount of force for the shortest possible time may not be as effective as sustaining the maximum amount of force in excess of 8 G for longest possible time. An extremely forceful punch with an extremely brief contact time may not be as effective as a punch with half as much force that is sustained for twice as long a period of time.

[0014] Another important consideration is that the duration of an applied force is also generally proportional to the physical distance through which the impactor must travel. This is a significant performance consideration, because the distance that a strike can travel, is limited by physiology and biomechanics of the individual performing the strike.

[0015] To summarize, “power” in martial or sports impacts comes from two types of energy, with different limitations and damage potentials, which are produced by highly complex interactions of human neurology, physiology, and biomechanics, where both the impactor and the target have highly variable and irregular physical composition. These factors will cause variances in the amount of applied force during the impact pulse, and can considerably alter the potential ability to produce damage consistently.

[0016] As such, the effectiveness of a strike cannot be accurately estimated or predicted using only pre-impact momentum, or the simple laws of motion and dynamics. The forces produced in this type of impact are best analyzed using direct, real-time measurements of the effects of the force during the impact pulse generated by a strike performed on a target configured to enable the following measurements:

[0017] 1. The duration of the impact pulse.

[0018] 2. The length of target displacement during the pulse.

[0019] 3. The velocity of the target during displacement, sampled at predetermined intervals of time and/or distance during the impact pulse.

[0020] Furthermore, the target preferably allows unrestricted linear displacement, and allows the operator/subject to alter the amount and rate of resistance to the impact force with a high degree of flexibility. Example embodiments of the Impact Dynamometer described herein meets the above criteria. Known devices fall short in one or more areas.

[0021] Many known devices only measure or estimate the kinetic component of impact force. They are designed around the assumption that the force applied to a target will be directly proportional to the momentum of the impactor prior to impact. Some even claim superiority based on the ability to measure the power of a punch or kick without the need for an actual impact with a target. These arts rely on various forms of accelerometers which are mounted on the impactor.

[0022] As explained above, kinetic energy is only one of two energy sources applying force during an impact pulse. Therefore, the amount of kinetic energy generated prior to impact cannot accurately predict the resulting amount of force and damage potential that will result. Furthermore, these arts cannot accurately determine the amount of mass being accelerated prior to impact, so the calculations of potential kinetic energy reported by these devices are very rough estimates at best.

[0023] Also, accelerometers used in this manner are not the best tools for measuring the energy delivered in this type of impact. This is because the accelerometers are designed to measure forces in only one direction. During the execution phase, the acceleration and impact vectors are often curved and three-dimensional. Therefore, a single accelerometer cannot provide reliable measurements.

[0024] Conversely, those known systems that measure “power” using accelerometers attached to the target suffer the same problems in accuracy and design.

[0025] A number of known devices are classified as exercise or training devices. The primary purpose of these devices is to monitor and/or direct an exercise workout consisting of many punches and/or kicks. Measurements provided by these arts are often limited to the number of impacts and simple approximations of impact power. They do not provide specific velocities and quantities of energy transferred by any single strike. Consequently, they cannot provide data with sufficient detail for analyzing technical deficiencies in performance.

[0026] Other known devices directly measure force applied to a target during the impact pulse, but use mechanical configurations which are inapt to precise, consistent force measurement. These provide resistance to the force using: 1) mechanical springs, 2) a suspended mass such as hanging bag, 3) a fixed, “infinite” resistance such as a wall, or 4) variable resistance provided by another individual holding the target.

[0027] The first three types of resistance increase proportionally as the force of the impact displaces the target surface. Training with these types of resistance, the subject must reduce the force of the strike quickly after contact, as attempting to sustain or increase force after contact greatly increases the risk of injury. This forces and conditions the subject to restrict their strike to the physical limitations of the device, and prevents them from sustaining their maximum application of force for the longest period of time.

[0028] The fourth type of resistance allows more efficient energy transfer, and is far safer than the first three. However, when a target is held by another individual, the quantity of target resistance is highly inconsistent. Consequently, accurate force measurements cannot be made in this manner. This method also incurs risk of injury to the target holder during high velocity impacts.

[0029] Many known devices and methods also use construction materials and methods that reduce the accuracy and consistency of the measurements. Most commonly, they measure the force applied against mechanical spring resistance, or hydraulic/pneumatic pressure generated by compression of a flexible, sealed container inside the target. These devices do not provide adequate durability under the intense forces that can be generated by these impacts.

[0030] Resistance generated in this manner is subject to variance due to fatigue and heat in the materials used to create it. Springs change value after repeated compression. Fabrics, films, and foam rubber components stretch, weaken and become more flexible. This can alter consistency in measurements even within a single testing session. Structural fatigue will accumulate rapidly, and result in relatively short life expectancy for these devices (Table 1-12).

[0031] Another important consideration in analyzing strike performance is the length of time required to execute the strike (referred to as “reaction time”). In those devices which claim to measure reaction time, the time measured is the time elapsed between giving the test subject a “start” signal, and the instant of contact with the target. This measurement of reaction time actually combines two separate and equally important events: 1. the time elapsed while the brain recognizes the signal and initiates muscle movement (Response Time), and 2. the time elapsed from the beginning of muscle movement, to the beginning of target displacement from impact (Execution Time). Known devices are not capable of isolating and quantifying these two components separately.

[0032] Known devices generally cannot compensate for another important factor in analyzing the performance of a test subject. Since force is a direct product of mass and acceleration, the energy and force generated by a given test subject will be generally proportional to his/her weight and height. Consequently, these arts will generally report lower performance ratings for shorter, lighter test subjects, even though their size-to-performance efficiency may be significantly greater than their larger counterparts.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0033] Example embodiments of the device preferably comprise seven major assemblies: A Motion Sensor (57), which is linked to an Electronic Interface Module (42). This Module is linked to a Sensor Arrangement (19) mounted on the Framework Assembly (11) of the device, and also to a Software Application (65) stored in a Computer Processor (66). The Framework Assembly (11) also houses the Target Assembly (1-9), which is configured to react to an impact pulse by being propelled in the opposite direction of the force, along a linear path. The SA is positioned within the FA to produce an electronic voltage signal pulse each time the target is displaced for a predetermined increment of distance. These signal pulses are detected in the EIM, which measures and stores the elapsed time between each signal pulse.

[0034] The testing process preferably begins when the Operator obtains the height and weight of the test subject. This is used to determine the appropriate height for the target, and amount of resistance the target will exert against the impact force.

[0035] The Operator instructs the subject to prepare to strike the target face. Once prepared, the subject must remain completely still and wait for the signal to strike. The O then enables the Electronic Interface Module. In turn, the Interface Module activates the motion sensor and monitors the output state returning from the motion sensor. When the output from the Motion Sensor has indicated “no motion” continuously for three seconds, the Interface Module illuminates the “Start” signal on the Target Face, and simultaneously sounds an audible signal. The Subject then performs the strike.

[0036] After illuminating the “Start” signal, the Electronic Interface Module begins a sequence of processes which preferably perform three basic tasks:

[0037] 1. Measure and store the amount of time elapsed between illuminating the “Start” signal, and detecting that subject motion has begun.

[0038] 2. Measure and store the amount of time elapsed between detecting subject movement, and contact with the target face.

[0039] 3. Measure and store the time elapsed during each predetermined interval of target displacement, for the duration of contact with the target.

[0040] When contact with the target ends, the Electronic Interface Module automatically sends the stored data to the Application Software which performs computations and produces an analysis report. This report preferably comprises:

[0041] A printed graph showing the curve of the target acceleration over the distance traveled.

[0042] A printed report preferably listing the following:

[0043] Reaction Time: The time required for the subject to begin moving after the “Go” signal has been given.

[0044] Strike Execution Time: The amount of time required for the subject to start the impact pulse once they begin moving.

[0045] Pulse Displacement: The distance that the target is displaced during the impact pulse.

[0046] Pulse Time: The time elapsed during the impact pulse

[0047] Peak and Average Target Velocity during the impact pulse.

[0048] Peak and Average Target Acceleration during the impact pulse.

[0049] Peak and Average Force exerted on the target during the impact pulse.

[0050] Cumulative Impulse Force applied against the target (in Newton-seconds.)

[0051] Cumulative Energy Conversion into target displacement during the pulse (in Joules.)

[0052] Individual Power Ratings:

[0053] Cumulative Energy Transfer per kilogram of test subject weight. (Joules/Kg)

[0054] Cumulative Impulse Force applied per kilogram of test subject weight. (Newton-seconds/Kg)

[0055] Effective Pulse Width: The elapsed time and distance during which the target sustained force in excess of 10 G.

[0056] Because this is a new method of measurement for this type of impact pulse, other useful calculations and analytical methods may be determined as data is accumulated and interpreted.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0057]FIG. 1 is a summary view of the Target and Framework Assemblies, the Operator Panel, Motion Sensor, and Interface Module, according to an example embodiment of the invention.

[0058]FIG. 2 shows a detailed view of an example embodiment of the Target and Framework Assembly.

[0059]FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of an example embodiment of the Target, Tachometer, and Framework Assemblies showing the internal configuration of the device.

[0060]FIGS. 4a-c are a detailed view of an example embodiment of the Tachometer Rod and Tachometer Sensor Assemblies, and showing their relationship to each other, the waveform generated by the Tachometer Assembly, and the interpreted waveform, respectively.

[0061]FIG. 5 illustrates an example embodiment of a Support Assembly configuration.

[0062]FIG. 6 illustrates an example embodiment of the Interface Logic flowchart.

[0063]FIG. 7 is a sample report according to an example embodiment, comparing the basic performance of the same two test subjects.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF A PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

[0064] Referring now to the drawing figures, in which like reference numbers refer to like parts throughout, preferred forms of the present invention will now be described by way of example embodiments. It is to be understood that the embodiments described and depicted herein are only selected examples of the many and various forms that the present invention may take, and that these examples are not intended to be exhaustive or limiting of the claimed invention.

[0065] In describing a preferred embodiment of the Impact Dynamometer, it should be understood that while the method and procedure is generally the same for any application, the specific sizes and materials comprising a specific embodiment will vary relative to the specific intended application of its use. For example, an embodiment for analyzing the punches and kicks of young children would perform better if it were proportionally lighter and smaller than an embodiment constructed for use by large, strong adults. An embodiment for analyzing the impact of a tackle by a professional football player would require a different shape target face, and substantially larger and heaver components.

[0066] Also, the construction and components of a particular embodiment may be influenced by the need for affordability versus the degree of precision and accuracy needed in the measurements for a given application.

[0067] The preferred embodiment described hereafter is suitable for a broad range of use by average adults of average skill, performing punches and kicks, providing a degree of accuracy suitable for the needs of an average instructor or coach, at a relatively moderate cost.

[0068] The complete invention preferably comprises six major components: The Target Assembly (1-9), Framework Assembly (10-14), the Remote Motion Sensor (57), the Support Assembly (56-62), the Interface Module (39-54), and the Software Application.

[0069] The Target Assembly preferably comprises the Target Face (1) attached perpendicularly on a square Carriage Rod (2) which passes through the Framework Assembly. The Target Face (1) contains an Indicator (Start) Light (3) mounted under a clear protective facing (4). Illumination of this light signals the test subject to strike the Target Face. It is connected by cable (5) to the Interface Module.

[0070] The Carriage Rod (2) preferably is approximately 100 centimeters long and 2.5 centimeters square. It passes through the Framework Assembly, configured so that an impact to the Target Face (1) propels the Carriage Rod (2) through the Framework Assembly. Roller bearings (10) mounted within the Framework Assembly guide the Carriage Rod, and minimize friction resistance.

[0071] Removable Disk Weights (7) preferably are mounted at the end of the Carriage Rod (2) opposite of the face. These serve as a means of providing resistance to the impact force by means of inertia. A Carriage Flange (6) is mounted on the Carriage Rod (2) forward of the Disk Weights (7) and serves as a means to transfer the inertial and distribute the inertial resistance of the Disk Weights (7) to the Carriage Rod (2). The Disk Weights (7) are secured onto the rod by means of a clamp (8). Adding or removing disks enables the examiner to adjust the inertial resistance of the Target Assembly.

[0072] Also mounted perpendicular to the Target Face is a hollow brass or aluminum rod of approximately 6 millimeters in diameter, which is referred to as the Tachometer Rod (9). This component is mounted parallel to the Carriage Rod (2), for approximately 45 centimeters from its attachment at the Target Face (1), so that the propulsion of the Target Face (1) and Carriage Rod (2) during an impact pulse, carries the Tachometer Rod (9) at the same direction and rate. The internal construction of the Tachometer Rod (9) contains magnetic marks at predetermined intervals of approximately 5 millimeters, using ferrous disks or cylinders placed inside the rod between non-ferrous disks of equal size, in alternating sequence. This rod passes through the Tachometer Assembly (15-17) during an impact pulse, where the Tachometer Sensor Assembly detects each magnetic mark as it passes.

[0073] The Framework Assembly preferably comprises a Track Body (11) which forms a sleeve around the Carriage Rod (2). The Track Body (11) should have a very high mass, to help dampen extraneous movement and impact vibration, and provide more accurate and consistent velocity measurements. Thus, the example embodiment of the Track Body (11) is constructed using eight solid steel rods which are approximately 2.5 centimeters and 45 centimeters long. These are machined to accommodate roller bearings (10) and assembly bolts to form the sleeve. The center of this sleeve is 3 centimeters square, making the outside height and width of the Track Body (11) 8 centimeters square.

[0074] The Roller Bearings (10) mounted inside the sleeve are located at intervals of approximately 15 centimeters along the length of the Framework Assembly. These bearings are positioned so as to guide the Carriage Rod through the assembly, and keep the Carriage Rod precisely centered within the Framework Assembly to ensure minimum friction resistance.

[0075] Mounting Brackets are preferably attached to the bottom of the Framework Assembly at the front (13) and rear (14). These allow mounting and height adjustment of the Framework Assembly on the Support Assembly, by means of push-through steel pins (58-60).

[0076] The Tachometer Sensor Assembly preferably comprises a Sensor Bracket (15) which holds a Magnet (16) and a Hall Effect Sensor (17) on opposite sides of the Tachometer Rod (9). This bracket is mounted on the Tachometer Circuit Board (18), which in turn is mounted on the Track Body (11). An indentation in the Track Body (11) at this location provides protection from damage to the Sensor Bracket (15) during use. The Tachometer Rod (9) passes through this assembly, and into a sleeve approximately 8 millimeters in diameter (20), and passes through the length of the Framework Assembly. This sleeve guides and protects the Tachometer Rod (9) after it passes through the Tachometer Assembly.

[0077] A Hall Effect Sensor (17) is a discreet electronic semiconductor component that generates a voltage when exposed to a magnetic field. As the Tachometer Rod (9) passes between the Hall Effect Sensor and the magnet (15), each ferrous (P) cylinder (21) will conduct the flux field from the magnet so that the flux field contacts the Hall Effect Sensor (17). This causes the Hall Effect Sensor to generate a high voltage output. When each non-ferrous (N) cylinder (22) passes between, the voltage output from the Hall Effect Sensor reverts to its normal (low) state. In this manner, as the Tachometer Rod (9) is propelled by the impact pulse, the output from the Hall Effect Sensor (17) generates an analog voltage sine wave proportional to the locations of the mark and space cylinders.

[0078] This voltage sine wave is preferably passed to a voltage window comparator circuit, which is also located on the Tachometer Circuit Board (18). A voltage window comparator can be readily constructed using any of a number of commonly available operational amplifier integrated circuit packages, such as the TLC741. This circuit produces an output voltage only when the input voltage from the Hall Effect Sensor is within a predetermined range defined by reference voltages. The reference voltages are adjusted so that the comparator outputs a single, digital square-wave pulse each time it detects that the output voltage from the Hall Effect Sensor is halfway between high and low. In this manner, the Tachometer PCB (18) converts each analog pulse from the Hall Effect Sensor into a digital (square wave) pulse. Each pulse then represents a physical distance equal to the length of each mark or space cylinder. This digital pulse is called the Tachometer Signal (32).

[0079] These pulses are preferably transmitted by wire (23) to the Interface Module.

[0080] The Interface Module preferably measures the Test Subject's Response and Execution Time, then measures the elapsed time between each Tachometer Pulse. The example embodiment uses two separate timers to accomplish these tasks. This is because the high degree of accuracy required to measure the extremely short-duration Displacement Pulses is more complex and less cost-effective for measuring the much longer Response and Execution Times. These measurements are transmitted to the Application Software by means of a standard high-speed Serial Interface.

[0081] The Interface Module preferably also provides a means to control and monitor the progress of the test by means of a series of indicator lights and switches which comprise the Operator Panel (42). These preferably include:

[0082] A switch to enable power to the Interface Logics (43).

[0083] An LED to indicate the power status of the Interface Logics (44).

[0084] A switch to enable the Remote Motion Sensor (45).

[0085] An LED to indicate the Motion Detector is operational (46).

[0086] An LED to indicate that the Test Subject is moving (47).

[0087] A switch to illuminate the “Start” light on the target face, and start measurement functions in the Interface Logics (48).

[0088] A switch to reinitialize the Interface Logics in preparation for the next strike (49).

[0089] The module preferably also provides for cable connections to a power source, the Start Light (3), the Tachometer Sensor PCB (18), the Remote Motion Sensor (57), and the Application Software. The power input comprises a standard DC power jack (52). Connections to the Target Face (56), Tachometer Sensor (53), and Remote Motion Sensor (54) are provided by RG-11 jacks. Connection to the computer (56) is provided by a DB-9 connector, supporting a standard RS-232 serial port interface.

[0090] The Interface Circuit PCB (41) preferably provides for the following electronics:

[0091] An Interface Microcontroller (39) for controlling the test progress, and to read and transmit timer measurements to the Application Software.

[0092] A Tachometer Microcontroller (40) to measure the duration of each Displacement Pulse.

[0093] A Motion Status Circuit (50) to monitor and report signals from the Remote Motion Sensor.

[0094] A Reaction Timer Circuit (51) to measure Response and Execution Times.

[0095] The preferred embodiment of this device uses two Microchip PIC®16C57C microcontrollers for economy, accuracy, and ease of programming. However, any of a variety readily available models of microcontrollers can be used. Using two microprocessors in this manner provides a high degree of accuracy, precision, and versatility.

[0096] The Interface Module preferably uses a 9-volt power source. Provisions are made to use either an internal battery, or an external AC adapter. The 9-volt source supplies the motion sensor and powers the RS-232 signal. It is regulated internally to 5 volts to operate the Interface Logics and sensors.

[0097] The movement of the Test Subject is preferably monitored by a Remote Motion Sensor (57). A sonar-based sensor has been chosen for this embodiment for performance and economy. Here again, other types of motion sensors could be employed. This Remote Motion Sensor (57) is attached to a separate support frame, such as a camera tripod, to allow positioning sensor so as to best detect movement of the test subject.

[0098] Within the Interface Logic circuitry, the Motion Detection signal from the Remote Motion Sensor (57) inputs to both the Motion Detected LED (47) and the Interface Microcontroller (39). When the Start Light Switch (48) is pressed, the Reaction Timer (51) starts running. When the Interface Microcontroller (39) detects a change in the status of the Motion Detected Signal, it reads the Reaction Timer (51) and transmits the data to the Application Software. This measurement represents the Test Subject's Response Time. The Reaction Timer (51) continues to run until the strike impacts the Target Face (1) and the leading edge of the first Displacement Pulse is detected by the Tachometer Microcontroller (40). The Tachometer Microcontroller (40) then signals the Interface Microcontroller (39), to read and transmit the elapsed time from the Reaction Timer. (The Application Software subtracts the Response Time from this quantity to determine the Exectution Time.) After the Interface Microcontroller (39) reads the Reaction Timer it disables the Reaction Timer input and waits to read and transmit Displacement Pulse Data.

[0099] The Displacement Pulse is preferably relayed to the Tachometer Microcontroller (40) through a filter circuit, which ensures precise and consistent measurements. The trailing edge of the first Displacement Pulse signals the Tachometer Microcontroller (40) to begin measuring the duration of the pulse. The leading edge of the next pulse signals the Tachometer Microcontroller (40) to stop timing and signal the Interface Microcontroller (39) to read and transmit the measurement. This cycle continues until the Interface Microcontroller (39) times-out waiting for the next pulse.

[0100] The Support Assembly is preferably designed so that the device can be operated on an flat surface. The Track Body (11) is mounted on a Target Frame (58). This is a seven-foot tall rectangle made of heavy, 5 centimeter square steel tubing. The inside distance between the two tubes is the same as the width of the Track Body (11). Holes of 2.5 centimeters in diameter are drilled at 5 centimeter intervals through the sides of both tubes for their entire length. The holes are located so that a steel pin of approximately 2.5 centimeter diameter (60-61) can pass through one tube, through the Front Attachment Bracket (13) of the Track Body (11), and through the tube on the other side.

[0101] The Support Arm (59) is preferably approximately 52 centimeters long. It attaches to the Rear Attachment Bracket (14) of the Framework Assembly by the same size pin (62) as used for the Front Attachment Bracket. The Arm extends at a 45 degree angle to Target Frame (58), where it attaches with a third steel pin (62). In this manner, the Support Arm (59) secures the Track Body (11) to the Target Frame (58) at a 90 degree angle.

[0102] The Support Frame is preferably attached to a Base Assembly (64) at the bottom end. The Base Assembly comprises four hollow rods 5 centimeters square and approximately 120 centimeters long, mounted on a semicircular steel disk, so as to extend radially from the bottom of the Target Frame (58). The front two rods extend perpendicularly to the front of the Track Body (11), aligned with the flat edge of the semicircular disk. The third and fourth rods are connected to the disk so that one end is at the bottom of one of the vertical members of the Target Frame (58), and extend horizontally rearward at a 30-degree angle to the horizontal axis of the Track Body (11).

[0103] A round tube (63) attached to the end of each of the two rearward base members, extends upward diagonally and attached at its opposite end to the top of its respective Target Frame member. These provide additional bracing to absorb impact energy.

[0104] The Application Software preferably provides the final and most important functions. First, it allows the test operator to enter identifying information about the subject and strike, such as subject name, subject height & weight, type of strike, target weight and height, etc. Second, it receives and stores digital data about the strike, including the elapsed time for each 5 mm of target displacement. When the impact pulse ends, it calculates the target velocity for each increment of displacement. Finally, it uses this data to perform number of calculations regarding the force and energy applied to the target, and produces an analysis report.

[0105] These measurements preferably are immediately displayed on the computer's monitor so that the Test Subject can get immediate feedback on his/her performance. It is also printed to hard-copy, as well as stored in a file for later use. The Basic Performance Analysis comprises two components: A graph showing the acceleration curve of the target after impact. And an analysis report (FIG. 7) showing a summary of the measurements and calculations, based on the Test Subject Weight, Target Weight, Target Displacement, Displacement Time, and Final Target Velocity. The basic reports and calculations preferably comprise:

[0106] A printed graph showing the curve of the target acceleration over the distance traveled.

[0107] A printed report listing the following:

[0108] 1. Reaction Time: The time required for the subject to begin moving after the “Start” signal has been given.

[0109] 2. Strike Execution Time: The amount of time required for the subject to start the impact pulse once they begin moving.

[0110] 3. Pulse Displacement: The distance that the target is displaced during the impact pulse.

[0111] 4. Pulse Time: The time elapsed during the impact pulse

[0112] 5. Peak and Average Target Velocity during the impact pulse.

[0113] 6. Peak and Average Target Acceleration during the impact pulse.

[0114] 7. Peak and Average Force exerted on the target during the impact pulse.

[0115] 8. Cumulative Impulse Force applied against the target (in Newton-seconds.)

[0116] 9. Cumulative Energy Conversion into target displacement during the pulse (in Joules.)

[0117] 10. Individual Power Ratings:

[0118] Cumulative Energy Transfer per kilogram of test subject weight. (Joules/Kg)

[0119] Cumulative Impulse Force applied per kilogram of test subject weight. (Newton-seconds/Kg)

[0120] 11. Effective Pulse Width: The elapsed time and distance during which the target sustained an acceleration in excess of 10 G.

[0121] While the invention has been disclosed in preferred forms for illustration purposes, those skilled in the art will readily recognize that many modifications, additions, and deletions can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the following claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. An impact dynamometer comprising: a target; friction resistance to movement of said target; and inertial resistance to movement of said target.
 2. The impact dynamometer of claim 1, further comprising a target constructed so that the application of an impact force on said target causes said target assembly it to accelerate linearly in the opposite direction of the force.
 3. The impact dynamometer of claim 1, further comprising means for altering the inertial resistance to acceleration of said target, whereby said inertial resistance is altered by changing the weight of said target to a predetermined amount.
 4. The impact dynamometer of claim 1, further comprising means for detecting the linear displacement of said target at intervals of approximately one millimeter as it is accelerated, whereby an electrical voltage pulse is generated for each detected interval of displacement.
 5. The impact dynamometer of claim 1, further comprising a structural framework containing an arrangement of friction-reducing contact points on which said target is supported, whereby said target is allowed and guided in a linear path during said acceleration.
 6. The impact dynamometer of claim 1, further comprising means for altering the non-inertial resistance to acceleration of said target, whereby the said non-inertial resistance can be altered from none to a predetermined amount, using mechanical friction or electromagnetic inductance.
 7. A method of using a computer processor to analyze a plurality of characteristics of force and kinetic energy, as they are assimilated by a stationary target of predetermined characteristics, during an impact by an object under continual propulsion, having unstable velocity and mass, wherein direct measurements of the reaction of said target during contact with the impacting object are made and used.
 8. The method of claim 7, further comprising signaling the test subject to begin the impact event, using a visual and audible signal mounted on the target face, whereby the subject initiates the impact event, and a voltage pulse is sent to the electronics indicating the event has begun.
 9. The method of claim 7, further comprising detecting the instant when movement of the test subject has begun, using a motion detection device resulting in a voltage pulse being sent to the electronics to indicate that motion has begun.
 10. The method of claim 7, further comprising detecting the beginning of contact between the impact of the subject and the target, using an electronic switch (a membrane switch is used in the description, but many other kinds could work as well), resulting in a change in output voltage state, being monitored by the electronics, indicating that contact is occurring.
 11. The method of claim 7, further comprising detecting the end of the contact between the impact of the subject and the target, using same switch as above, resulting in a change in output voltage state in the opposite direction, indicating that contact has ended.
 12. The method of claim 7, further comprising a clock pulse generator, for generating a series of continuous pulses.
 13. The method of claim 7, further comprising a binary counter which is incremented by the above clock pulse generator, which accumulates one count for each pulse received, and outputs the binary value of the total number of clock pulses it has received.
 14. The method of claim 13, in which the binary value can be reset to zero.
 15. The method of claim 7, further comprising using one or more microcontrollers to read, store and reset the output value of the binary counter upon receiving a specified voltage pulse.
 16. The method of claim 7, further comprising measuring the elapsed time between signaling the test subject to initiate the impact event, and the detection of movement by the test subject by said motion sensor.
 17. The method of claim 7, further comprising measuring the elapsed time between detecting subject motion, and contact between the subject and the target.
 18. The method of claim 7, further comprising measuring the elapsed time between detection of each increment of linear target displacement.
 19. The method of claim 7, further comprising transmitting all stored measurements to the computer memory via serial interface connection, in the order in which the measurements were made.
 20. The method of claim 7, further comprising receiving the measurements recorded by the microprocessor and placing them in memory storage for later access by the computer processor for analysis calculations.
 21. The method of claim 7, further comprising receiving data about the test subject by means of manual input by the device operator.
 22. The method of claim 7, further comprising calculating the amount of time required for the test subject to initiate movement after the visual and audible signal to begin was activated.
 23. The method of claim 7, further comprising calculating the amount of time required for the test subject to complete pre-contact propulsion of the initiated impact after subject movement was detected.
 24. The method of claim 7, further comprising calculating a plurality of measurements of dynamic characteristics resulting from the impact during each increment of target displacement, and for the total contact time with the target, comprising velocity, acceleration, force, and impulse.
 25. The method of claim 7, further comprising reporting information provided by the analysis in both on-screen and hard-copy formats.
 26. A method for analyzing a plurality of force and energy characteristics applied to a target, resulting from an non-projectile impact performed by a human test subject using direct physical contact, wherein the amount of mass and force applied to the target during the application of force may be variable and unstable, using direct measurement of target reaction during the impact.
 27. A method of analyzing a plurality of performance characteristics of a test subject, striking a target by punching, kicking, tackling, or similar means, whereby deficiencies in the striking performance of said test subject can be identified and reported, for instructional purposes, 